What is the register of wills - how to view it, check it

Most often, fake notaries work on the road. Anyone who does not want to waste time visiting a notary’s office and invites a notary to his office or home risks the most. Creating a fake office is expensive and can be easily detected; scammers prefer to look for victims using advertisements on the Internet, newspapers or even on poles.

But if there is no other way out, notary workers have to be called. Let's find out how to check the authenticity of a notary and make sure that this is truly a representative of the law. When preparing important documents, it is better to involve lawyers in this process. In particular, they will make sure that you are not dealing with a scammer.

What is the cost?

In the modern world, cost is a fundamental economic category, into which many experts attach different meanings. At the same time, their content is not distorted; there are only certain additions that indicate its functions in the modern market.

Cost is not a price; these two categories cannot be equated to each other, since they have absolutely different content. So, it should be understood that cost ≠ price. This is most important for understanding value as an economic indicator of the modern market.

Cost is the foundation of quantitative relationships when buying and selling objects between certain entities. When considering this definition, it is clear that cost is a certain basis for the relationships that arise when performing transactions with goods and services. The subjects in this case are the participants in the legal relations of purchase and sale, that is, they are understood as the seller and buyer of a certain product. The object can be a product or a service that is provided for a certain equivalent. As a rule, the equivalent is financial resources, that is, the company sells a certain product or service on the market, in return for which it receives income in the form of money. The opposite entity, which is the buyer, purchases a product or service for an agreed upon financial amount.

Thus, cost is a necessary indicator in carrying out financial transactions in the framework of the purchase and sale of certain goods.

It is important that the price on the market always varies depending on the economic situation. At the moment, economic theory has fully studied this economic category.

When studying value as an economic concept, it is necessary to take into account that value has significant differences from price. At the same time, in colloquial speech the population often confuses these two concepts, without having a full understanding of them.

What is the difference between cost and price?

Almost the entire modern population in everyday life equates such two concepts of economics as value and price, without realizing their significant differences.

At the moment, there are many works by economics professors that clearly demonstrate the difference between these economic categories, which should be understood in order to fully work in the market. This knowledge can be useful to researchers, students, novice scientists, as well as people who plan to carry out their activities in the market. Special attention should be paid to these two economic categories of businessmen and entrepreneurs who already have or are just building their own business within the market. Specialists who decide to engage in trading on certain types of exchanges are also required to have the relevant knowledge.

Let's begin our consideration of these two economic categories with their definitions.

Price is a certain amount of financial resources that was set by the seller for one piece of goods. The price reflects a certain amount of money for which the seller is willing to sell his product to the public. Since the relationship between price and product always occurs individually, the price is set per item. Accordingly, the price is an indicator that is equated to a product or service in one copy.

Cost is the largest economic indicator, which consists of several criteria. So, the cost is a certain total amount of financial resources that was spent on the import of resources and the subsequent production of goods. It is worth noting that this definition is only applicable if a tangible product is considered. If the cost of a certain service is considered, its definition changes significantly. Thus, the cost of a certain service will be the number of hours that must be multiplied by the salary for 1 hour of work of the employee providing this service. Moreover, if the service requires some expenses, then this indicator is added to the price of all consumables that were spent in the process of providing the service.

The main difference that must be understood in order to smoothly distinguish between value and price is their different expression. Value and price are expressed in economics in completely different units.

The price is always expressed in some equivalent, that is, in a certain amount of financial resources within a particular currency. Without fail, the price is measured only in money. With cost, everything is much more complicated, since it is expressed in physical units, which, of course, can later be converted into financial assets in a certain currency. It turns out that value can also be expressed in money, but indirectly. It is directly expressed exclusively in physical units.

Thus, it is already clear from the definition that value is a more extensive and fundamental economic category, since it includes a number of characteristics that can change significantly due to some economic factors.

Example of cost and price?

To fully understand the difference between cost and price, and also to see how the economic indicators of these large categories can vary depending on the attitude towards the product and service, it is necessary to consider the following examples:

Example of price and cost for a product. In store X you can buy a package of salt for 30 rubles, but in store Y across the road a package of salt from the same company costs 15 rubles. The salt manufacturer independently purchased resources, brought them to the enterprise, where the salt was produced by machines and specialists, and then unpacked into packages. After completing all the operations, he calculated the cost of the goods, which is equal to 10 rubles. On top he added 2 rubles, which is a certain percentage markup on the product, in order to get the greatest benefit during the wholesale purchase process. Thus, at this stage, salt costs 12 rubles. Next, the goods were delivered to the store for sale, the owners of which independently decide the percentage of the retail markup for the most profitable sale of the goods among the population. Thus, the owner of store Y added 3 rubles to the manufacturer’s price, after which he began to sell the product to the population at a price of 15 rubles. For the same salt, store owner X added 18 rubles of his own markup.
Example of price and cost for a service. The price for eyebrow architecture service is 1000 rubles. Moreover, the cost of this service includes materials that are consumed in the process of the master’s work. They cost 600 rubles. To this amount is added the payment for the work of the master, who spends about 1 hour on the entire procedure. It turns out that an hour of work by a master costs 400 rubles. If the master works in a salon and not independently, then payment for services is formed within the framework of the requirements of this salon. That is, the salon owner has the right to create his own markup on services so that a percentage of the masters’ profits goes to the organization.

Thus, using standard everyday examples that are known to absolutely every modern person of different ages, we showed what the difference between cost and price is. We saw that these two economic categories can be called part of one whole mechanism. However, they cannot be equated to each other, which is why researchers in the field of economics are still of the opinion that it is necessary to distinguish between them. At the same time, you should never forget that cost and price are inextricably linked with each other.

This knowledge will help citizens improve their financial literacy and gain new knowledge, which they may later have to put into practice. Knowledge about value and price is now being developed in school, as there is a trend around the world to increase financial literacy among the entire population.

How to check a notary using the Ministry of Justice registry

Issues related to the activities of notaries fall within the competence of the Russian Ministry of Justice. It is on the website of this department that an accurate check against the register is possible, which will show whether the notary is real or a fraudster.

To check the authenticity of a notary, you need to go to the appropriate section of the site (the link is given at the end of the article). Please note: just because a person is on the list does not mean that he has been hired as a notary. It contains information about those who passed the exam but have not yet been appointed to a position, and those who have lost this position. Therefore, be sure to look in the far right column of the table to see if the notary is active.

Sources:

Requirements for notaries

Notary fees

Purchase and acquisition value?

The term purchase or acquisition cost is very important for the work of accountants who control the supply of necessary goods and resources for their production.

So, the purchase price is the cost of selling certain products without taking into account value added tax, which is mandatory when selling a product on the market. If there are necessary expenses for transport organizations that deliver certain purchased products, then expenses for them can be included in the purchase price.

This term has a synonym “discount price”; it is used most often.

The formation and all criteria of the purchase price are determined by the provisions of the following documents:

PBU 5/01 “Inventory accounting”.
PBU 6/01 “Accounting for fixed assets”.

These papers contain regulations by which the purchase price is calculated. Thus, the purchase price of a product may, if necessary, include the following criteria:

The price at which the product is purchased.
Fees and duties required to be paid when transporting purchased goods from other countries.
Taxes associated with the acquisition of an object that will not subsequently be reimbursed. As a rule, this article includes excise taxes and VAT.
Expenses on information services related to purchases of the property.
Expenses to pay for the services of companies that acted as intermediaries in the process of purchasing a particular product.
Expenses on transport services, insurance of necessary goods.
Overpayment on loans if they were taken out to purchase an object.
Expenses that were spent on bringing the object to the required condition for subsequent sale on the market.
Transportation costs, which include loading, weighing and storage of purchased items.
Other expenses that are necessary for the delivery and purchase of the object.

It is worth noting that the purchase price is not adjusted. As a rule, adjustments can only occur in cases where this is regulated by regulations.

Formula for calculating prices in the state?

Cost is the largest economic indicator, which consists of several criteria. Thus, cost is a certain total amount of financial resources that was spent on the import of resources and the subsequent production of goods. It is worth noting that this definition is only applicable if a tangible product is considered. If the cost of a certain service is considered, its definition changes significantly. Thus, the cost of a certain service will be the number of hours that must be multiplied by the salary for 1 hour of work of the employee providing this service. Moreover, if the service requires some expenses, then the price of all consumables that were spent in the process of providing the service is added to this indicator.

As a rule, the state has its own pricing method, which helps it achieve full balance in the economy, when all prices are approximately correlated with each other according to certain criteria.

Within the market, it is imperative to determine the cost of a particular product, since the law does not regulate it at the required level. The efficiency of selling goods and services on the market among the population significantly depends on this, which directly affects the economic efficiency of the company that produces and subsequently offers products.

Each state has several methods that help it regulate prices in some way so that a continuous balance of supply and demand is maintained, necessary to advance the economic situation and maintain competitiveness in the market.

Cost is one of the most important economic categories that requires a lot of time and attention. That is why the methods that are created to form the cost of goods and services are selected the most effective, since demand, and therefore the subsequent sale of the product, depends on this.

The cost is necessary in order to make this or that object, which is produced for sale, competitive in the market among other similar organizations dealing with any related products. Cost also helps to correctly calculate sales turnover and predict in advance the profit that can be received during the competent sale of goods.

Moreover, the cost of goods significantly affects the company's reputation in the market. Thus, correctly selected pricing methods guarantee the company competitiveness and stability in the market, which absolutely every entrepreneur strives for.

There are several factors that can significantly influence the final cost of the product:

The audience among whom a particular product is sold.
The number of competitors that sell the same or related products.
The percentage of taxation that is set by the regions and the state.

Pricing methods have their own goals:

Full coverage of the cost of the necessary materials and resources that were spent on the production and subsequent sale of the product on the market.
Maintaining a constant level of profit that will meet the company's requirements.
Attracting a new target audience who wants to periodically purchase certain products from the company.
Maintaining the stability of the company in the market.
Maintaining competitiveness among other organizations selling their goods and services.

Pricing has its own mechanism, the formation of which takes quite a long time. There are several stages of pricing:

Setting company objectives. At the first stage, it is always necessary to highlight those tasks that must be completed to establish a stable level of the company in the market.
Collection of information about the demand for a product or service that will be provided by the company. At the second stage, it is worth determining the category to which the product sold by the organization belongs. Next, it will be necessary to identify interests among the target audience that the manufacturer is counting on. Special attention should be paid to those companies that consumers previously preferred. At the same time, it is necessary to consider the changing needs of the population, as well as interests, which may depend on both internal and external factors.
Analysis of the financial costs that will be used to cover delivery, purchase of resources and subsequent production of the necessary goods. It is necessary to think in advance about all possible items that will have to be spent on during the production process. It is necessary to determine the minimum level that will periodically be spent to cover these expenses.

Pricing methods together represent a single mechanism in which each criterion is important. Before opening an enterprise and producing a product, it is necessary to decide in advance on the direction and product, as well as calculate all possible steps and pay attention to mistakes that competing companies might have made.

You should collect in advance the necessary data about competitors who have a stable level of earnings in the market and are in great demand among the audience.

Great attention should be paid to the location of the outlet in the market. As a rule, it should be located in a crowded place where there will be the greatest demand for a particular product.

For modern entrepreneurs, life has been simplified by special electronic services that make it possible to analyze and monitor the indicators necessary for the company. With the help of such programs, you can intelligently create a pricing mechanism that will be most suitable for the organization.

As a rule, absolutely every company has its own mechanisms; they may differ in some criteria, but in most cases they remain standard for all.

What is required to work as a notary?

According to the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation, all applicants for positions in the notary office must meet certain criteria:

presence of Russian citizenship and absence of foreign citizenship;
having a higher legal education obtained from a state-accredited university;
age between 25 and 75 years;
At least 5 years of experience in law;
successful passing of the qualifying exam.

After passing the exam, a person is recognized as capable of performing duties, but he becomes a notary only after he is appointed to the appropriate position.

Rising prices for goods and services: what is inflation?

The economic situation of the world periodically goes through several stages of its own cycle. Each of them has its own criteria and characteristics relating to the market.

At the moment, we notice an increase in prices for goods and services without an improvement in their quality. This situation in the world in modern economics is called inflation.

Statistics show that for 2021, on a scale from 0 to 25, the Russian economy had an average level of inflation, namely, it had indicators from 4 to 7 points.

So, inflation is the depreciation of financial assets, manifested in the form of an increase in prices for goods and services, without an increase in their quality. At the moment, inflation has affected almost all countries of the world. Every year the inflation rate increases. So, as an example, we can cite the period of the existence of the USSR, when for the price of a modern smartphone or laptop you could buy a car or housing. Thus, inflation is different in that the same amount of financial resources after a certain period of time can purchase much fewer goods and services than before. It is this situation that will reflect the process of a significant decrease in purchasing power, that is, the depreciation of financial assets in the world. Depreciation of financial assets refers to the loss of money of a certain part of its real value.

Due to the fact that at the moment in Russia the form of the economy is market, inflation is expressed openly, that is, there is a significant increase in prices for objects. In other forms of the economy, when the state directly intervenes in it, the depreciation of financial assets may be suppressed, that is, prices may remain at the same level, but a shortage of goods appears. This situation was also known in the USSR.

It is worth noting that inflation is a rather long-term process, which is particularly stable and sustainable. That is why it should not be confused with a one-time price increase, which most often occurs due to certain political situations or changes in the financial system.

Despite the fact that inflation is a global and stable process, prices will not increase for all goods. The cost of certain objects may even decrease or remain at the same level. As a rule, it depends on the needs and interests of the population in this product.

Do not forget that in the economy there is also a phenomenon in which the prices of goods decrease - deflation. In most cases, deflation directly depends on the season, when the needs and interests of the population among whom the objects of sale are sold change. As a rule, this process does not last a long period of time.

Where can I find out about a will for inheritance after death?

According to the law, employees of a notary office do not have the right to disclose any information about the existence of a document and its essence. In addition, today there are no laws according to which all wills must be registered in one registry. And if the testator has not indicated where it is located, the relatives of the deceased citizen face the difficult task of finding it.

It should be taken into account that potential heirs have a rather limited period of time to file claims for inheritance - only six months. If, after its expiration, the inheritance left is not formalized, it will pass to the heirs of the first or second priority. According to current legislation, these are considered close relatives:

husband wife;
mother father;
sons/daughters;
brothers, sisters, grandchildren, grandmothers, grandfathers in the absence of wives/husbands/children/parents.

How to prevent such an outcome? It must be remembered: a will is always drawn up in two copies. One is kept by the notary, and the second is given personally to the testator. Therefore, it makes sense to look for a second copy yourself.

For close relatives to legally take possession of the personal property of the deceased, it is enough to contact the notary office of the city or district where the testator lived. It is necessary to present a minimum package of documents:

The main identification document is a passport;
death certificate of the testator;
document of relationship: marriage or birth certificate.

But what to do if the heir is not a relative, and the relatives of the deceased refuse to provide him with a death certificate? In this case, a copy is sufficient. If there are problems with the copy, you should take a certificate from the registry office.

USEFUL INFORMATION: How to buy a trip cheaper in 2021

Most often, the testator draws up a document to inherit his own property at his place of residence. In this case, finding out about its existence is quite simple: you just need to submit a request to the notary office closest to the place of residence of the testator.

However, according to the law, citizens have the right to leave it with any notary of their choice. In such circumstances, you need to start looking for him at your place of registration. Persons who have provided the notary with a death document or a copy thereof have the right to make a request.

If you have problems finding a document through notaries, you should look for it in the apartment of the deceased: one copy should be kept by the testator.

If these actions do not bring results, we can advise you to do the following: send an official request to the notary chamber of the region: district, region, etc. This institution is a higher authority, and notaries submit all information on the preparation of documentation there.

The document is drawn up in two copies:

one for the testator;
the second is for the notary.

The testator has the right to store his copy in any place convenient for him:

Houses;
in a safe deposit box;
with relatives.

In most cases, citizens keep a will at home, along with the rest of the documentation for the property.

The original document is handed over by the notary to the testator, who, at his own discretion, keeps the will. He can keep it at home, transfer it to a third party, including an heir, or keep it in a safe deposit box.

A copy of the will remains with the notary and until the death of the testator is in the notary office to which he applied.

If you have problems finding a document through notaries, you should look for it in the apartment of the deceased: one copy should be kept by the testator.

How much does it cost to buy an apartment?

Due to the fact that the world is currently experiencing an active process of inflation, there is a significant increase in prices for all objects that are in maximum demand among the population. In this case, apartments are no exception. Absolutely every person needs to have their own home, which is why he will strive for the most profitable purchase of an apartment.

Buying real estate is a very profitable investment, but expensive because it will be necessary to spend a decent amount of financial resources, which not every citizen has.

Statistics show that over the past year the cost of an apartment in a newly built building has almost equaled the cost of secondary housing. So, prices for a one-room apartment in a new building in Moscow vary significantly: from 5,157,140 rubles to 22,584,800 rubles per apartment.

Prices for secondary housing range from 5,300,000 to 24,000,000 rubles per apartment.

Almost all statistics that reflect the increase in the cost of an apartment in certain cities can be found freely available on the Internet. Most charts are based on the cost per square meter of real estate.

The graphs show minor jumps in changes in home sales prices, but mostly price increases dominate.

Every year, real estate prices increase, which is associated with the financial and economic situation both in the country and in the world. That is why it is necessary to purchase an apartment now, if possible, since real estate prices will not fall. Experts say that the forecast will not change in the near future: the cost of real estate will continue to grow monthly.

Due to the fact that the coronavirus pandemic is currently unfolding in the world, in 2020-2021 there was a decrease in the interest rate on loans, which led to a significant increase in the cost of real estate. This is due to the fact that sellers inflate the price of housing because they do not want to lose possible financial resources.

Real estate prices vary depending on various factors that can characterize both our country and the world as a whole:

Weakening of the ruble.
World pandemic associated with coronavirus.

These two factors increased the price of building materials necessary for the construction of real estate. At the same time, there is a significant shortage of construction specialists, since there are a number of bans on the entry of people from abroad. Anti-Covid measures have forced many developers to suffer significant losses and go into debt due to the constant postponement of the commissioning of real estate. This provoked a rise in prices to cover losses.

There are also other factors that can significantly affect the cost of an apartment:

The floor where the apartment is located. As a rule, cheaper but poorly sold apartments are those located on the first and last floors of the house. On the ground floor below the apartment there is a basement, which can cause problems with humidity, odors and insects. At the same time, at the moment, on the first floors, people have to share a common wall with cafes, clubs, and beer bars. You can often hear noise from the intercom door. Residents are not satisfied with the last floor of the house due to roof leaks, which may be associated with precipitation.
View from the window. This criterion cannot be changed, which is why it significantly affects the cost. As a rule, houses with windows overlooking attractions and beautiful places have the highest cost of apartments.
Location of the apartment in the house. If the apartment's windows face south, it will be sunny and retain heat. Such an apartment will be much more expensive than one whose windows face north, since it will be colder, despite the heating.
Condition of electrical wiring and plumbing. If the house has recently been renovated, the apartments in it will cost much more. If the apartment is equipped with the necessary meters, then its prices increase.
Condition of housing. These criteria include various features relating to the location of the apartment, furniture, plumbing, electrical wiring, and the presence of everything necessary for housing.
Layout and possibility of redevelopment. Of course, an apartment with the most successful layout will cost much more than the one in which redevelopment is necessary for a comfortable and adequate life. As a rule, in the latter case, sellers can make a good discount on the apartment.
Infrastructure condition. Real estate next to which there are all the necessary facilities for life, that is, a shopping center, shops, metro stations, public transport stops, schools, kindergartens, fitness centers, will cost much more. This criterion also evaluates the congestion of the area where the house is located. It is necessary to assess the condition of the roads, whether traffic jams often form there, making travel difficult. Adequate infrastructure is one where the necessary facilities are located near the house and can be reached on foot in about 10-15 minutes. The undeveloped infrastructure of the area is a reason for discounts on apartments.
Public facilities that are located near the house. The basis of this criterion is the environment and extraneous noise. As a rule, industries, airports and railway tracks, which may be located near the house, can disturb the environment and create constant or periodic noise.
Legal nuances. The price of an apartment may be significantly reduced due to the clarification of some legal nuances that may complicate the procedure for buying and selling real estate. These nuances include the presence of owners who are under 18 years of age at the time of sale, since in this case the purchase procedure will be delayed. Guardianship authorities will participate in the transaction. A lengthy purchase procedure can also be caused by a counter-purchase of real estate, when the seller can register the real estate in exchange for a sale.

Where can a will be kept?

The Civil Code of the Russian Federation clearly defines the procedure for writing and storing a will: it is written and certified in 2 copies.
One is kept in the notary's office for 75 years from the date of registration (after the specified period is sent to the state archive), the other is kept by the testator of the house or by a trustee, who, after the death of the principal, carries out all orders regarding the property left behind. Therefore, the search must begin at home, among the personal papers of the deceased. Very often nothing can be found for a very banal reason: one of the relatives found and destroyed the document.

A fresh example from notarial practice. The testator left all the property to his brother in his will. The son found the document while searching for his deceased father's passport, read it, and then destroyed it. Since he was the only heir of the first priority, he did not formally formalize the inheritance - a will could have been born, but entered into the inheritance after the fact. Only the brother’s competent actions made it possible to discover the document.

Situations are possible when, for several months after the death of the testator, the will is not in his personal belongings or with the notary. The law stipulates such cases and searches must be carried out in other places:

in the hospital where the deceased was located (the will has the right to be certified by the chief physician, his deputy, in the absence of the first, or the doctor on duty);
on a ship flying the Russian flag, if the death occurred there (the captain has the right to certify);
in a nursing home (certified by the director or head physician);
expeditions to the North or South Pole (the will of the deceased is certified by the head of the station);
military unit, if there is no notary office near its location (the document is temporarily stored by the unit commander);
prison (certifies the legality of the document by the head of the colony).

But the will cannot be kept there forever. The law obliges officials to transfer a document to a notary office at the first opportunity (clause 3 of article 1147 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).

Prices for goods in M.Video?

M.Video is currently one of the large companies that sells equipment to the population.

M.Video is a public joint stock company, a federal trading network that sells electronics and technical devices.

The organization has enormous performance. Thus, statistics for 2020 show that this company was the leader in the Russian Federation in terms of the volume of goods sold via the Internet.

The company has been on the market since 1993. Since then, it has received enormous development and expanded to the federal level.

Prices for equipment in these stores are standard and quite affordable for the average citizen of Russia. The organization sells to the population a lot of household appliances that every person needs.

Prices in stores are practically no different from prices for equipment in other retail outlets in Russia. Almost constantly, the company pleases its customers with large discounts on household appliances, which can actually be purchased at a reduced cost, unlike products from their competitors. Moreover, stores provide a profitable bonus program, according to which regular customers receive double discounts, which make it possible to significantly save money.

How much do medications cost at Apteka.ru?

Apteka.ru is currently the most popular pharmaceutical company that sells pharmacy products to the population. Its main advantage is that in this pharmacy the order is made remotely via the Internet. You can purchase the necessary medications either through the official website apteka.ru or by installing the application on your smartphone.

It is worth noting that the prices on this platform are a little high, which is most likely due to the costs of subsequent delivery of products to the nearest pharmacy, where it will be more convenient for a person to pick up his order. The same drugs and products can be bought a little cheaper in regular pharmacies. But, it is worth noting that on this platform there is a huge selection of necessary drugs and pharmaceutical cosmetics. As a rule, a standard pharmacy cannot provide such a selection of analogue drugs, since it is not profitable for it to spend money on transporting the drugs. When choosing analog products on apteka.ru, you can significantly save money, which is undoubtedly a huge plus for every person.

Inheritance: how to find out if there is a will for an apartment after the death of the testator

Most owners formalize the rights to inherit their property during their lifetime by drawing up a notarized will.

The difficulties faced by the heirs are the lack of information about how the relative disposed of the property belonging to him, and whether there is a document on the inheritance.

After the death of the testator, it is necessary to verify either the absence of a will, or find the original or copy of the inheritance document.

Dear readers! Our articles talk about typical ways to resolve legal issues, but each case is unique.

How does Apple set prices for iPhones?

Apple has its own strategy for setting product prices. Thus, the following factors influence the price of a smartphone:

Smartphone production. These criteria include the costs of components and labor.
Company profit. This criterion includes expenses for the development of a new smartphone and software installation.
Packaging and subsequent delivery of smartphones. For example, if a person ordered delivery of a smartphone from China, then it will cost him a little less than buying the same smartphone in an official store in Russia. In the latter case, the organization spends a lot of money on transporting products.
Advertising. Apple spends huge amounts of money on its advertising strategy, which is reflected in the cost of the smartphone.
Markups and value added tax.

Thus, these criteria significantly influence the price that is finally set for Apple smartphones. The rise in prices for smartphones is due to the fact that every year the cost of the above indicators increases, which leads to an increase in product prices.