A closed court session is permitted in cases where it is expressly provided for by the relevant procedural law. Publicity (openness) of judicial proceedings is one of the key principles of justice. Any deviation from it is an exceptional measure, which is taken by the court based on the impossibility of disclosing certain data to third parties.
Depending on the type of trial (criminal, civil, arbitration), the procedure for holding closed court hearings has its own characteristics. The differences are minor, but they need to be taken into account.
Grounds for closed meetings
Most often, closed sessions are held in criminal proceedings. This is due, first of all, to the presence of more grounds than are provided for in civil and arbitration cases.
Grounds in criminal proceedings:
- Consideration of the case may lead to the disclosure of secrets protected by law, for example, data constituting a state secret.
- The crime was committed by persons under 16 years of age.
- Consideration of the case can lead to the disclosure of intimate information about the lives of the participants in the process or information that degrades their dignity and honor.
- It is necessary to ensure the safety of the participants in the process, their relatives or close persons.
- It is necessary to disclose and examine the correspondence of certain persons, recordings of their telephone and other conversations, other messages, personal materials (photos, video, audio), but such persons have not given consent to this.
Grounds for a closed meeting in civil proceedings:
- The case contains information representing a state secret or the secret of adoption.
- At the request of an interested person, it is necessary to ensure the preservation of commercial or other secrets protected by law or the inviolability of private life, other circumstances, the open discussion of which may lead to their disclosure or violate the rights and interests of citizens.
In arbitration proceedings, the same grounds for closed hearings are established as in civil cases.
The law may establish other grounds for holding closed trials. This may be due to the identity or status of the participants in the process, the need to protect certain information, or to ensure security.
How to reschedule a court hearing in a civil case?
Only the court, or rather the presiding judge, can reschedule a court hearing. Rescheduling a meeting consists of adjourning it; a break may also be declared in the case.
In order for a meeting to be adjourned, there must be a need for it. The hearing can be postponed either by the court itself, i.e. on his initiative, or in connection with the satisfaction of a participant in the process’s request for an adjournment. Read more about how to postpone a meeting in our material below.
Rescheduling a meeting, as we said above, may consist of an adjournment or a recess. In some cases, the court may suspend the proceedings, which in fact also entails postponing the hearing, only the date is set by the court after the case has been suspended, and when the circumstances for which the proceedings were suspended no longer exist, for example, when another case is considered.
Procedural features of holding closed proceedings
Main:
- The decision is made by the court on its own initiative, at the request of the participants in the process, and, if this is expressly stated in the law, only if there is a corresponding request from an interested person.
- Any basis applied by the court must be specified and indicated in the court's decision to conduct closed proceedings. Persons who submit a petition are required to substantiate their request - not just provide a reason, but specify and justify it.
- The process may be closed in whole or in part (only for certain meetings).
- Except for the application of special rules and restrictions, closed hearings are conducted in the same way as open hearings.
- In closed proceedings, the use of videoconferencing is prohibited. From September 1, 2021, Federal Law No. 265-FZ dated July 29, 2018, which makes some changes to the Code of Criminal Procedure, Civil Procedure Code and Arbitration Procedure Code, prohibits the use of audio recording devices.
- Persons participating in a closed meeting are warned of responsibility for disclosing information that has become known to them. They have no right to distribute them in any way.
In practice, closed sessions differ from open ones, first of all, by the absence of outsiders who are neither participants in the process nor persons summoned to court (experts, specialists, witnesses). Thus, journalists and all those who simply came to watch and listen cannot be present here.
Despite the holding of closed sessions or completely closed proceedings in the case, the court's decision must be announced publicly. In order to keep certain information secret, the law allows the possibility of disclosing only the introductory and effective parts.
[edit] Notes
| Articles | |
| Russia | Place among the countries of the world • List of positions among the countries of the world • Leading positions in the world • Russia's first place among the countries of the world • Russia in international rankings • Russia as a leading country • Russian universities in international rankings • Science • North Caucasus • Angara • Su-57 • Components and materials MS-21 • Characteristics of MS-21 • RD-191 • VK-2500 • Ministry of Finance • Ministry of Education and Science • Presidential management training program • Religions in the North Caucasus • Days of mourning • Floods • Forest fires • Wastewater discharge • Accidents on attractions • Cases of plane hijackings • Street children • Bazhenov's retinue • List of regions by the number of televisions per household • Russian films - winners of the Cannes Film Festival • Land Code • MFC |
| Economy of Russia | Gross national income • Gross national expenditure • Final consumption expenditure • Military-industrial complex • High-tech complex • Fisheries • Construction (Housing, Road, Cost of housing construction, Window industry, Large construction projects) • Sewage (Centralized systems, Wastewater treatment plants) • Mobile communications • Internet • IT sector • Tourism • Trade (Retail) • Labor resources • Gross fixed capital formation • Special economic zones • Nanotechnology • Innovation (Technological, Environmental) • Small business • Economic modernization • Labor productivity • Unemployment • List of regions by unemployment level • Fixed assets • Capital productivity • Personal income • Wages • Pensions • Minimum wage and subsistence level • Barter • Largest producers • Monopoly (Cartel agreements) • Housing (Improvement) • Privatization • Razdatka economy • Technological lag • Interregional differentiation by level of economic development • Russia's share in the world market • List of products manufactured in Russia • List of production facilities being designed and under construction in Russia • Market of machinery and equipment • Market of milk and dairy products • Lobbying of Russian companies • Benefits provided for youth and students • Underground natural gas storage facilities • Economic records |
| Russia's GDP | GDP structure • List of Russian regions by GRP per capita |
| Industry of Russia | Manufacturing industry (Competitiveness) • Metallurgy (Ferrous, Steel industry, Rail production, Non-ferrous, Aluminum industry, Zinc industry) • Chemical industry (Tire industry, Pharmaceutical industry, Polypropylene industry) • Construction materials industry (Cement industry) • Diamond industry • Automotive components industry • Timber industry • Pulp and paper industry • Electric power • Thermal power • Hydropower • Nuclear power • Nuclear industry • Production of weapons-grade fissile materials • Mining (Cost of oil production) • Heavy industry • Comparison of Russian industry with Ukraine |
| Mechanical engineering of Russia | Rocketry (Space rocketry) • Aerospace industry • Rocket and space industry • Aviation industry (Aircraft, Military aircraft, Civil aircraft, Helicopter) • Shipbuilding (Shipbuilding, Submarine) • Laser industry • Microelectronics • Transport engineering • Railway engineering (car building) • Agricultural mechanical engineering • Tractor building • Power engineering (Nuclear) • Metallurgical mechanical engineering • Radio-electronic industry • Automotive industry (Passenger automobile industry, Truck industry, Assembly production of foreign cars, Level of localization of manufactured foreign cars, Supplies of metallurgical products for the automobile industry, MMK supplies for the automobile industry) • Tank building • Machine tool engineering • Hoisting and transport engineering • Instrument engineering • Heavy engineering • Petroleum engineering • Engine engineering (Aircraft engine engineering) |
| Fuel industry of Russia | Oil industry • Oil refining industry • Gas industry • Coal industry |
| Agroindustrial complex of Russia | Agriculture • Crop farming • Livestock farming • Food industry • Sugar industry |
| Transport of Russia | Road transport • Highways • Rail transport • Russian Railways • Pipeline transport (Oil pipeline) • Water transport (Sea transport) • Air transport • Transit through Russia • ESPO • BTS-2 • Nord Stream • Northern Sea Route • Podolsk metro line — Ramenskoye" • Baikal-Amur Mainline |
| Finance in Russia | Banking system • Stock market • Public finance • Public debt (External debt) • Foreign exchange market • Credit ratings • International financial center • Russian ruble • Use of the ruble in international settlements • Use of the ruble in settlements between EurAsEC countries • Anti-inflationary policy • Debt policy • Foreign debt • State and municipal bonds • Budget messages from the President of Russia • Non-payments • Comparison of finances in Russia with Ukraine |
| Taxation in Russia | Taxes • Tax evasion • Personal income tax • Mining taxation |
| Investments in Russia | Investment climate • Investment policy • Investments in the manufacturing industry • Foreign investments • German investments in Russia • French investments in Russia • Foreign investments in the Russian automotive industry • Foreign investments in Russian agricultural engineering • National business initiative to improve the investment climate |
| Foreign economic relations of Russia | Foreign trade • Military-technical cooperation • Construction of nuclear power plants abroad by Russia (India, China, Iran, Finland) • Foreign activities of Russian companies • Liberalization of foreign trade • EurAsEC Customs Union • Relations with the WTO • Relations with the EU • Relations with Latin America • Relations with Afghanistan • Relations with Germany • Relations with Georgia • Relations with Kazakhstan • Relations with the USA (Trade relations) • Relations with Turkey (Trade relations) • Relations with Ukraine (Trade relations) • Relations with Central Asia • Relations with South Africa • Monetary transfers from Russia • Capital inflow to Russia • Contracts of Russian companies with foreign countries (India) • Loans issued by Russia • Russian investments in Ukraine • Siemens in Russia |
| Export from Russia | Metallurgical products • Chemical products • Uranium products • Medicines • High-tech products • Supplies for foreign aircraft manufacturing companies (Airbus, VSMPO-Avisma supplies for Boeing, VSMPO-Avisma supplies for Airbus) • Services • Transport services • IT export • Duties • Transportation of exported goods (Oil, Petroleum products, Natural gas, Grain) • Russia’s share in world exports • Largest exporting companies |
| Export of energy resources from Russia | Oil and petroleum products • Export duties on fuel oil in Russia • Share of exports in energy production |
| Export of engineering products from Russia | Weapons • Naval weapons • Aircraft • Military aircraft • Civil aircraft |
| Export of food products from Russia | Meat and meat products • Chocolate products |
| Exports from Russia by importers | Austria • Azerbaijan • Argentina • Africa • Bahrain • Belarus (Natural Gas) • Bulgaria (Natural Gas) • Brazil • Great Britain (Natural Gas) • Hungary (Energy, Natural Gas) • Venezuela (Arms) • Vietnam (Arms) • Germany ( Natural gas, Automobiles) • Georgia • Denmark (Natural gas) • European Union • Israel • India (Arms, Aircraft) • Iran (Arms) • Spain • Italy • Kazakhstan • Canada • China (Energy, Oil, Coal, Arms, Food products ) • Colombia • Netherlands • Poland (Natural Gas) • Syria • Slovenia (Natural Gas) • USA (Energy, Rocket Engines, Armaments, Fertilizers) • Sudan (Arms) • Tunisia • Turkey (Natural Gas) • Ukraine (Energy, Natural gas, Engineering products, Automobiles, Food products) • Finland • France (Natural gas) • Czech Republic • Sweden • Estonia • South Korea (Energy) • Japan |
| Import to Russia | Russia's share in world imports • Share of imported products on the Russian market • Engineering products • Food products • Share of imported food on the Russian market • Meat and meat products • Milk and dairy products • Services • Import substitution • Import substitution of engineering products • Import substitution of helicopter equipment • Import substitution of chemical products • Import substitution of food products • Import substitution of metallurgical products • Import substitution of products from Ukraine • Azerbaijan • Belarus • Brazil • Great Britain • Germany • Canada • China • Lithuania • Moldova • Poland • USA • Turkmenistan (Natural gas) • Ukraine (Engineering products, Freight railway cars , Food products) • Chile |
| Economic reforms in Russia | Electric power industry reform • Housing and communal services reform • Pension reform (since 2002) • Railway transport reform • Reform of the compulsory health insurance system • Tax reforms |
| Russian companies | State-owned companies • Exporting companies • Engineering companies • Defense industry companies • Rostec • Almaz-Antey • T-platforms • Amur Shipyard • Lukhovitsky Aviation Plant • Angstrem • Sitronics • ODK-Saturn • GM Auto • Transmashholding • Rostselmash • AvtoVAZ • Gazprom • LUKoil • SUEK • Rosatom • Severstal • United Metallurgical Company • Russian Venture Company • Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works • Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Rus • Kolomna Plant • Rusnano • Rosoboronexport • VNIIEF • Tyazhmekhpress • GAZ Group • Optogan • Bassol • ABBYY • Sevmash • Lebedyansky • X5 Retail Group NV • Aeroflot • VSMPO-Avisma • Moscow Polymetal Plant • Kirovles • Omsk Oil Refinery • INTER RAO UES • Polyus Gold • Crimean Titan |
| Products in Russia | Diamonds (Export) • Ammonia (Production) • Paper (Export) • Wood (Export) • Paints and varnishes (Market) • Mineral fertilizers (Export) • Lumber (Export) • Pulp (Export) • Tires (Market, Export) |
| Mechanical engineering products in Russia | Buses (Export) • Cars (Market, Export, Import) • UAVs (Production) • Helicopters (Market, Export) • Military helicopters (Export) • Military aircraft (Export) • Homing heads • Trucks (Export) • Fighters (Export) ) • Passenger cars (Import) • Lasers (Export) • Microchips (Export) • Steam turbines (Production) • Airplanes (Export) • Agricultural machinery (Export) • Machine tools (Export, Import) • Washing machines (Production, Export) • Supercomputers (Production) • Tanks (Export) • TVs (Export) • Tractors (Export) |
| Energy in Russia | Gasoline (Export) • Diesel fuel (Export) • Coke (Export) • Fuel oil (Export) • Petroleum products (Export) • Oil (Market, Production, Export, Reserves) • Associated petroleum gas • Natural gas (Production, Export, Reserves, Gasification) • Rocket fuel • Peat (Extraction) • Coal (Extraction, Export, Reserves) • Electricity (Export, Import) • Nuclear fuel (Market, Export) |
| Food products in Russia | Alcohol (Export, Import) • Bananas (Import) • Lamb (Market) • Vodka (Export, Import) • Beef (Production, Import) • Peas (Export) • Grain (Production, Export, Import) • Potatoes (Production) • Confectionery (Export) • Corn (Export) • Chicken meat (Production) • Honey (Production) • Mineral water (Export) • Meat (Production) • Poultry (Market, Production, Export, Import) • Beer (Export) • Sunflower (Production) • Sunflower oil (Export) • Wheat (Export, Import, Durum) • Vegetable oil (Export) • Rice (Export) • Fish (Export) • Sugar (Market, Export, Import) • Pork (Production, Import) • Triticale • Tea (Import) • Apples (Market) • Barley (Export) |
| Metallurgical products in Russia | Aluminum (Market) • Iron Ore (Mining, Export) • Gold (Mining) • Copper (Market) • Nickel (Export) • Rails (Import) • Steel (Export) • Ferrous pipes (Export) |
| Domestic politics in Russia | State structure • Chairman of the Government • State Duma • Presidential Messages to the Federal Assembly • Chechen conflict • List of foreign mercenaries killed in Chechnya |
| Central Federal District | Economy • GRP • Industry • Agro-industrial complex • Fuel and energy sector • Transport • Foreign economic relations • Natural resources • Life expectancy of the population • Mocha River • Belgorod region (Economy, GRP, Livestock, Life expectancy, Belgorod) • Bryansk region (Economy, GRP, Mechanical engineering ) • Vladimir region (Economy) • Voronezh region (GRP, Mining) • Ivanovo region (Economy, GRP) • Kaluga region (Economy, GRP, Automotive industry, Labor resources) • Kostroma region (Economy, GRP) • Kursk region (Economy, Transport) • Lipetsk region (Economy, GRP) • Moscow region (Economy, Industry, Manufacturing industry, Mechanical engineering, Transport, Mining, Export, Population income, Natural resources, Economy of Podolsk, Population income of Podolsk, Metro in Podolsk , Economy of the Podolsk region, Pollutant emissions in Podolsk, ITK-5) • Oryol region (Economy, GRP) • Ryazan region (Industry) • Smolensk region (Economy) • Tambov region (Economy, GRP, Manufacturing industry) • Tver region ( Economy, Krivonosovka Village) • Tula Region (Economy, GRP, Industry, Mining) • Yaroslavl Region (Economy, GRP, Transport, Personal Income) • Moscow (Economy, GRP, Industry, Mining, Mechanical Engineering, Agriculture, Shukhovskaya TV Tower, Borisovskie Prudy Street, building No. 16, building 2) |
| Northwestern Federal District | Economy • GRP • Mining • Automotive industry • Agriculture • Karelia (Economy, GRP) • Komi (GRP) • Arkhangelsk region (Economy, GRP, Industry, Manufacturing industry, Life expectancy) • Vologda region (Economy, Agriculture) • Kaliningrad region (Economy, GRP, Manufacturing industry, Automotive industry, Electricity production) • Leningrad region (Economy, GRP, Industry, Mining, Crop production, Transport, Life expectancy, Port of Primorsk) • Murmansk region (GRP, Mining minerals) • Novgorod region (Economy, GRP) • Pskov region (GRP) • St. Petersburg (Economy, GRP, Employment, Electricity consumption) • Nenets Autonomous Okrug (Economy, GRP) |
| Southern Federal District | Economy • GRP • Adygea (GRP) • Kalmykia (Economy, GRP, Life Expectancy) • Crimea (Economy, GRP, Crop Growing, Grain Growing, Livestock, Import, Personal Income, Salary, Grain) • Astrakhan Region (Economy, GRP, Industry , Mechanical engineering, Transport) • Volgograd region (Economy, GRP, Personal income, Labor resources) • Rostov region (Economy, Industry, Transport) • Krasnodar region (Economy, Industry, Mining) • Industry of the Crimean Peninsula • Electric power industry of the Crimean Peninsula • Oil and gas complex of the Crimean Peninsula • Agriculture of the Crimean Peninsula • Transport of the Crimean Peninsula • Income of the population of the Crimean Peninsula |
| North Caucasian Federal District | Economy • GRP • Dagestan (Economy, Mining, Investments) • Ingushetia (Economy) • Kabardino-Balkaria (Industry) • North Ossetia (Economy, GRP) • Chechnya (Economy, GRP, Agriculture, Industry, Mining, Extraction of fuel and energy minerals, Oil extraction, Population income, Education) • Stavropol Territory (Economy, GRP, Industry, Transport) |
| Volga Federal District | Economy • GRP • Shipbuilding • Helicopter production • Bashkortostan (Economy, GRP, Industry, Agriculture, Construction, Transport, Finance, Investment, Innovation, Socio-economic policy, Education, Health, Population, Government, President) • Mordovia (Economy , GRP) • Tatarstan (Economy, Labor resources) • Udmurtia (Economy, GRP) • Chuvashia (Employment) • Kirov region (GRP, Mining) • Nizhny Novgorod region (Economy, Automotive industry, Export, Population, Production of Mercedes cars in Nizhny Novgorod) • Orenburg region (Economy, GRP, Mining) • Penza region (Economy) • Samara region (Economy, GRP, Automotive industry) • Saratov region (Economy, GRP) • Perm region (Economy, GRP) * Ulyanovsk region (GRP, Mining) |
| Ural Federal District | Economy • GRP • Mining • Kurgan region (GRP, Mining) • Sverdlovsk region (Mining, Yekaterinburg) • Tyumen region (Economy, GRP, Extraction of fuel and energy minerals, Finance, Personal income) • Chelyabinsk region (GRP, Agriculture, Crop Growing, Transport) • Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug (Economy, Population) • Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (Novy Urengoy) |
| Siberian Federal District | Economy • GRP • Industry • Employment • Tyva (Life expectancy) • Khakassia (Economy, Industry, Transport, Population) • Irkutsk region (GRP, Manufacturing industry, Employment) • Kemerovo region (Economy, GRP, Mining) • Novosibirsk region (Economy, GRP, Industry, Transport) • Omsk region (Economy, GRP, Mining, Mechanical Engineering, Agriculture, Labor) • Tomsk region (Mining) • Altai Territory (Economy, GRP, Agriculture, Mining minerals, Life expectancy of the population) • Trans-Baikal Territory (Economy, GRP) • Krasnoyarsk Territory (Economy, GRP, Life expectancy of the population) |
| Far Eastern Federal District | Economy • GRP • Agriculture • Bridge between Khabarovsk Territory and Sakhalin • Yakutia • Amur Region (Economy, GRP) • Magadan Region (GRP) • Sakhalin Region (Economy, Extraction of fuel and energy minerals) • Kamchatka Territory (Economy, Life expectancy population) • Primorsky Territory (Economy, GRP, Mining, Income) • Khabarovsk Territory (Economy, GRP) • Chukotka Autonomous Okrug (Economy) • Jewish Autonomous Region (Economy, GRP, Agriculture) • Chukotka Autonomous Okrug (GRP ) |
| Russian foreign policy | Relations with countries (Belarus, Bulgaria, Hungary, Germany, Italy, Kyrgyzstan, China, Pakistan, Poland, Saudi Arabia, Slovakia, USA, Ukraine, Czech Republic, Switzerland, Sweden, Ethiopia, Japan) • Russian policy in Central Asia and Transcaucasia • NATO-Russia Council • Russia and Switzerland |
| Reforms in Russia | Dmitry Medvedev and reforms • Administrative reforms • Administrative reform (since 2002) • Second stage of administrative reform (since 2006) • Administrative reform in the federal subjects • Health care reform • Judicial reforms • Reform of the penal system |
| Russian Armed Forces | Main Operations Directorate of the General Staff • Air Force • Navy (Northern Fleet, Black Sea Fleet, Pacific Fleet, Caspian Flotilla) |
| Population of Russia | Life expectancy • Demographic policy • Population with higher education • Fertility rate • Mortality rate • List of regions by life expectancy of the population • List of regions by infant mortality rate |
| Crime in Russia | Foreign crime • Murders • Bank robberies • Deaths as a result of criminal attacks • Corruption • Hermitage Capital case |
| Terrorism in Russia | Terrorist attacks in Russia • National Anti-Terrorism Committee • Whirlwind-anti-terror |
| Terrorism | Islamic Jihad - Mujahideen Jamaat • Turkestan Islamic Party • East Turkestan Islamic Movement • Jund al-Sham • Jamaat-e-Islami • Society for Social Reforms • Counter-Terrorism Operation |
| Economy | Economic Forecasting (Fiscal) • International Financial Center • Tax Management • Personal Income • Export Tariffs • UN Conference on Trade and Development • APEC • Oil Prices • Cybersyn • Economic reforms in China since 1978 (1970s, 1980s years, 1990s) • Economic reforms in Eastern European countries • International Monetary Fund • List of countries by electricity consumption per capita • Petroleos de Venezuela SA • Kuwait Petroleum Corporation • Repsol YPF • National Iranian Oil Company • Coal industry of Europe • Cost shale gas production • Input-output • MTC EZK • Osaka Action Program |
| Energy | Shale oil • Liquefied natural gas • Shale gas • Aircraft fuel consumption • OPEC • Methods for estimating oil reserves • Shale gas in America |
| USA | Economy • Housing • Coal industry • Agriculture • Foreign economic relations • Natural gas exports • Finance • Shale gas • Human rights • Relations with Uzbekistan • Missile defense • Corruption |
| Germany | Mechanical engineering • Coal industry • Foreign trade • Housing • Human rights • Corruption • Terrorist attacks |
| Ukraine | GDP • Manufacturing industry • Automotive industry • Aviation industry • Rocket and space industry • Railway engineering • Air transport • Population income • Poverty • Exports (Food products, Engineering products, Armaments, Electricity, Share in world exports) • Road transport • Freight transit through Ukraine (Oil, Gas) • Share of imports in the Ukrainian market • Electricity • Palm oil • Outbound tourism from Ukraine • Housing • Natural gas • Gasification • Automotive cable • Ukraine's relations with the IMF • Zorya-Mashproekt • Sewerage in Kiev • Reforms • Corruption • Sewage • Food quality • Migration policy of Ukraine • Discrimination against Russians in Ukraine • An-70 • An-132 • An-140 • An-148 |
| Georgia | Economy • GDP • Mechanical engineering • Fuel and energy complex (Electric power) • Mining • Agriculture • Crop production • Transport (Pipeline, Sea) • Finance (Taxes, Banking system, Public finance, Public external debt) • Gold production • Investments • Foreign economic relations ( Export, Export of electricity, Import, Import of food products, Remittances to Georgia) • Population income (Wages) • Labor resources • Zestafoni Ferroalloy Plant • Tbilisi State Aviation Association • Education • Science • Government • Geography • Corruption • Relations with the USA • Relations with France |
| Post-Soviet space | CIS • Collective peacekeeping forces in the CIS • Volume of production in the manufacturing industry of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus • Purchasing power of the average salary in Russia and Ukraine • List of products consumed in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus • Russians in Central Asia and Transcaucasia • Georgian- Abkhazian conflict • Georgian-Ossetian conflict • Transcaucasia • Nagorno-Karabakh • Economy of the Baltic states • Transport of the Baltic states • The question of the occupation of the Baltic countries by the Soviet Union • The role of the IMF in the economic development of the countries of the former USSR |
| Countries | Abkhazia (Economy, Industry) • Australia (Coal Industry) • Azerbaijan (Economy) • Albania • Argentina (Economy) • Armenia (Foreign Trade) • Afghanistan • Belarus (Economy, Agriculture, Personal Income, Foreign Economic Relations, Export, Import, Natural gas transit, IT sector, Place in international rankings) • Brazil (Economy) • Great Britain (Corruption, Human Rights) • Honduras (Economy) • India (Mechanical Engineering, Coal Industry, Population Income) • Iran • Ireland (Personal Income) • Iceland (Economy) • Kazakhstan (Engineering, Defense Industry, Foreign Economic Relations, Foreign Trade) • Canada (Coal Industry, Housing, Human Rights, Corruption) • Qatar (Qatar, Natural Gas Export) • China (Economy, Engineering, Coal Industry) , Finance, Foreign Trade, Export, Government, Price Liberalization, Corruption) • Latvia (Economy, Foreign Trade, Stateless Persons) • DPRK (Economy) • Libya • Lithuania (Economy, Armed Forces) • Mexico (Export, Import) • Moldova (Foreign Trade) • Mongolia (Ulaanbaatar Metro) • The Netherlands (Economy, Corruption) • Nicaragua • Pakistan (Terrorism) • Poland (Manufacturing, Mechanical Engineering, Automotive, Coal, Export) • Saudi Arabia (Economy) • Finland (Housing, Human Rights) • France (Corruption, Human Rights) • Switzerland (Economy) • Sweden (Human Rights) • Estonia (Economy, Transit, Shadow Economy, Armed Forces) • South Africa (Economy, Coal Industry, Income ) • South Korea (Economy, Corruption) • South Ossetia (Economy) • Japan (Industry, Mechanical Engineering, Foreign Trade, Personal Income, Corruption, Prosecutor's Office) |
| Personalities | Dmitry Medvedev • Alexey Kudrin • Vladimir Kasatonov • Evgeny Rybin • Sergei Gorkov • Uvais Magomadov • Tamerlan Khasaev • Yusuf Krymshamkhalov • Zaur Akavov • Arasul Khubiev • Lechi Islamov • Mikhail Kodanev • Tony Blair • Vladimir Ehrenburg • Sergei Oganesyan • Mario Blumenfeld • Ilyaz Muslimov • Igor Strelkov • Sergey Karnaukhov • Valery Maltsev • Dmitry Gololobov • Mireille Mathieu • Denis Nikandrov • Boris Lomakin • Igor Danilevsky • Alexey Navalny • Evgeny Moskvin |
| V.V. Putin | Putin and Russian reforms • Presidency • Third presidential term • Presidential decrees • Socio-economic policy • Putin and the Russian economy (Industry, Automotive, Shipbuilding, Fuel and Energy Complex, Agro-Industrial Complex, Housing and Public Utilities, Taxation, Personal Income, State-Owned Companies, Formation of the MFC) • Putin and Demographic politics in Russia • Putin and healthcare in Russia • Putin and transport • Putin and the Russian judicial system • Putin and alcohol in Russia • Putin and corruption in Russia • Putin and Russian foreign policy • Putin and the post-Soviet space • Putin and education in Russia • Putin and regions of Russia • Russia during Putin's presidency • Initiatives • Performance evaluations |
| Right | International search • International tribunals • Closed court hearings • Legal regime of the Caspian Sea |
| International relationships | Diplomatic relations • Shanghai Cooperation Organization • ASEAN • Anti-Corruption Group • • China's policy in Central Asia • NATO policy in Central Asia and the Caucasus |
| Other | GRICS • Football transfer • Nanotechnology • Lev Sharansky • Creative party of freedom of conscience • Interethnic conflicts • Caspian Sea • Corruption • Delayed malfunctions in planes • Discrimination of Russians • Islamic extremism • Spacecraft deorbiting • Caspian region • Spacewalks • Perception index corruption • Parental responsibility for leaving children unattended • Illegal armed formation • Human rights in the European Union • Counter-Strike terms • An-2P • Tetrachlorethylene • Carbohydrates • List of countries by number of hospital beds per 1000 population |
Source - ""
Category: Courts
Holding open meetings with restrictions
An open meeting presupposes the possibility of the presence of any persons, including representatives of the media. Journalists are usually attracted to high-profile trials. Ordinary citizens often go to court out of curiosity or professional interest.
In open meetings, those present have the opportunity to record the progress of the hearing, in particular, make audio and video recordings, make written notes, drawings, etc. Sometimes such actions interfere with legal proceedings. To limit the recording of meetings, the court has the right to establish a special ban. This does not make the process closed, but it cannot be called completely open either. Typically, courts refer to an obstacle to an objective examination of evidence, a threat to the safety of participants in the process, and a violation of their rights and legitimate interests. The use of technical means may create noise or other interference with the normal course of the process. This also sometimes appears in the grounds for establishing restrictions.
In order for the court to establish prohibitions or restrictions, a participant in the process may file a corresponding petition. But the final decision is up to the court. Quite often, judges do this so as not to create a stir due to the influx of visitors and journalists in high-profile cases. In this case, such persons are simply not allowed into the room where the hearing is taking place, citing the interference with the conduct of normal proceedings and the calm examination of evidence.
In general, closed meetings are considered a last resort. They are held infrequently. Mainly in criminal cases of sexual crimes, murders with particular cruelty, etc., as well as in almost all cases related to state secrets.
Responsibility for violation of order
The proper order in any court hearing should not be interfered with by the actions of citizens present in the courtroom and taking photographs, video recordings, video and radio broadcasts permitted by the court. These actions must be carried out in places specified by the court in the courtroom and, taking into account the opinions of the persons participating in the case, may be limited by the court in time.
The presiding judge on behalf of the court may issue a warning to a person who violates the order of court hearings; if the order is violated again, this person may be removed from the courtroom on the basis of a court ruling for the entire duration of the court session or part of it. Failure to comply with a lawful order of a judge to stop violating the order entails an administrative fine in the amount of 500 to 1000 rubles and administrative arrest for up to 15 days.
Failure to comply with a lawful order of a bailiff in the process of stopping a violation of order in the courtroom also entails the imposition of an administrative fine in the amount of 500 to 1000 rubles.
In cases where violation of order during the consideration of a case constitutes a crime, the citizen may be held criminally liable.
How many court hearings in civil cases are there before a decision is made?
It is impossible to answer unequivocally the question of how many court hearings in civil cases there may be before a decision is made. If the case is simple and of the same type, then, as a rule, a preliminary court hearing is held first, and then the main hearing is held, based on the results of which a decision is made. In this case, the preliminary and main examinations in certain cases can be carried out on the same day.
There are quite complex civil cases, and there may be five, ten or more court hearings. Some processes can take years. Judges in complex cases sometimes violate the deadlines for consideration of cases, and sometimes, so that such deadlines are not violated, each time someone is involved in the case and the consideration of the case begins all over again, and this can be done more than once, which leads to the consideration of some cases for six months or more.
Thus, the number of court hearings will depend on the complexity of the dispute, on whether other persons are involved in the case or not, whether counterclaims are made, whether there is a need to request additional evidence and to postpone the case if, for example, no response has been received at the request of the court.
How to postpone a court hearing in a civil case?
In order for the hearing on the case to be postponed, it is necessary to file a motion to do so. In this case, the request for adjournment must be motivated, there must be good reasons for the adjournment, for example, a participant in the process is ill and is on sick leave, in such a situation you can call the secretary and ask for a telephone message in which to ask for the adjournment of the case.
If there are any other valid reasons for adjournment, you can submit a written request for adjournment and submit it at the meeting, attaching it in writing.
You should not be sure that the judge will definitely postpone the trial. It often happens that the judge denies the request for an adjournment and continues the hearing, and ultimately makes a decision.
The hearing may be postponed by the court itself if, for example, one of several plaintiffs does not appear, and the court considers that the case cannot be considered without such a plaintiff.
Court hearing of the appellate instance under the Code of Civil Procedure of the Russian Federation
The appeal hearing is held according to the rules for considering cases in the court of first instance, with its own characteristics:
- The presiding judge announces what case is being considered, for what complaint, what court decision.
- The identities of the persons who appeared at the meeting are established, and their rights and obligations are explained.
- Next, the court reports the essence of the case, after which the persons participating in the hearing are heard.
- If there are petitions, the court will read out the evidence in the case and examine new evidence if it is added to the case.
- After this, the court will invite the participant in the process to speak in the debate and make remarks.
- Next, the court will retire to the deliberation room to make a decision on the case and subsequently announce its participant in the process.
In general, in an appeal, the consideration of the case occurs, as a rule, in a more expedited manner compared to the court of first instance. Our lawyer at the Law Office "Katsailidi and Partners" in Yekaterinburg can help you at any stage of the process - call and schedule a consultation with us today!!!
