Punishment for vandalism in Russia: criminal article, liability and fine

Most people associate vandals with a group of teenagers who, for some reason, purposefully destroy property located on the street, in city buildings, and on public transport. Many of us have noticed broken benches, trash cans, painted house facades, etc. in parks. Such actions form a crime under Article 214 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation - vandalism. What punishment can be imposed on guilty persons, how to determine the signs of this particular crime, read here.

Vandalism

The objective side of vandalism (Article 214 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) is characterized by actions that offend public morality. The behavior of the perpetrator is accompanied by desecration, which involves various manipulations. When they are carried out, public structures, buildings or parts thereof, as well as other public property are given a disfiguring appearance. This can be expressed in the application of obscene inscriptions, drawings, and profanity. Acts that offend morality include pasting reproductions, poems, and posters with immoral content, damaging cultural monuments, signs, bas-reliefs, doors and their artistic parts, and contaminating structures with sewage and dyes. Vandalism is also recognized as mockery of historical and spiritual values accepted in society. For example, this could be the placement of Nazi symbols on a monument to fighters against fascist invaders, or the application of images or inscriptions on religious buildings that offend the feelings of believers.

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Desecration of buildings

In the criminal legal sense, a structure should be understood as any building designed to support people’s livelihoods: transport stops, underground passages, historical monuments, bridges, fences. Even advertising stands are considered a structure, which, if damaged, may result in criminal liability for vandalism.

A building is any structure that is intended for the presence of people in it in connection with work (offices, manufacturing plants, companies), with leisure (cinemas, libraries, museums), with the provision of medical services (clinics, hospitals, ambulance stations, etc.) .d.), with religion (church, chapel, places of worship).

What is desecration? Experts in criminal law argue that to desecrate means to disfigure, to give an indecent appearance, and such actions can concern both the entire structure (building) and any part of it.

Example No. 1 . Prigozhin P.A. carved an obscenity addressed to his ex-girlfriend who lives opposite with a drill on the façade of a newly renovated clinic building. A criminal case was opened against Prigozhin for vandalism. At the court hearing, the lawyer tried to prove that the half-meter inscription of four letters on the facade of the building, which is over 80 meters long, is not desecration. According to the defense, Prigozhin’s act is insignificant and does not constitute desecration. The court did not agree with this position and condemned Prigozhin, drawing attention in the verdict to the fact that the ratio of the size of the building itself and the area where there is damage is not decisive for confirming the elements of a crime.

Turning to practice, it would be fair to note that in reality there are still cases where the actions of vandals are recognized as insignificant, that is, insufficient to initiate a criminal case. Thus, an inscription measuring a few centimeters almost never entails the initiation of a case under Art. 214 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, if it is made on the outside of the building. But under certain circumstances, even such small inscriptions made indoors may be considered sufficient to bring criminal charges (for example, if such a thing was committed in a temple, a library of world significance, etc.).

Usually, desecration does not entail consequences in the form of expensive repairs, eliminating the danger of building collapse, etc. Here the motive of the criminal is not so much to cause major damage, but rather to contrast his behavior with the principles of morality and public morality. It does not matter whether such actions resulted in material damage - from the moment the inscription is applied, the crime is already considered completed.

Most often, inscriptions on walls, gates, and fences are considered desecration. These can be not only obscene words, obscene language, but also images, symbols indicating membership in a certain social group (for example, a swastika), or without meaning. Images are most often made using spray paint, sometimes using regular emulsion, less often by excision (as in the previous example). In some cases, vandals, on the contrary, do not apply an inscription, but cover up the existing one.

Example No. 2 . At the entrance to the building of the local history museum there was a marble slab on which information was engraved about the opening date of the museum, its honorary director, and opening hours. This slab was hopelessly damaged - scarlet paint was splashed onto it, covering all the words. Subsequently, a criminal case was initiated under Art. 214 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, the student who confessed to the crime was found guilty.

For qualification, it does not matter how the building was desecrated, but the main sign must be confirmed - the object is located in a public place, within sight of other people. To determine the aesthetic damage to an object, an examination may be required, which is usually carried out during the investigation. Most often, this is a comprehensive study with the participation of several specialists, in which psychologists, linguists, specialists in aesthetics, religion, history, etc. can be involved.

Article 214

Desecration involves various actions leading to giving public buildings, structures or parts thereof a disfigured appearance, offending public morality. This is expressed in the application of obscene drawings, inscriptions of cynical content, obscene words, pasting of posters, reproductions, poems of immoral content, contamination of buildings and structures with dyes, sewage, damage to historical and cultural monuments, their artistic elements, bas-reliefs, signs, doors, etc. mockery of generally accepted spiritual and historical values, for example, placing fascist symbols on monuments to fighters against fascism and Nazism, applying inscriptions or images to religious buildings that offend the feelings of believers, etc.

Difference from other crimes

We have previously noted that vandalism in some situations is difficult to distinguish from other compounds, for example:

Difference from hooliganism

Hooliganism is a demonstrative, gross violation of public order, while vandals usually act at night, out of sight of the public. In both crimes, criminals oppose themselves to society, make a certain challenge to society, its traditions, and the usual way of life. Moreover, if hooliganism is an open opposition to society, then vandalism is often committed covertly, without attracting people’s attention, with the obligatory damage to property, albeit sometimes minor (while damage is not a mandatory sign of hooliganism).

Example No. 6 . Nikolaev N.G. During the celebration of November 4 in the city square, he was intoxicated, shouted obscene words at Lenin, and threw stones and bottles at representatives of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation participating in the organized procession. Nikolaev was held liable for hooliganism under Art. 213 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.

On the same day, a criminal case was opened for vandalism, since police found inscriptions expressing disagreement with the directions of politics in Russia on the monument to Lenin on the same square. As it was later established, the act of vandalism was committed by two young people who were interested in politics, and they acted at a late time, when the processions were over and there was no one in the square. The perpetrators were punished under Art. 214 Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation.

Difference from property damage

Damage to property (Article 167 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) - the person responsible for causing damage to the personal property of a particular citizen is responsible for this crime, while vandals damage property in public places (or on transport). Damage under Art. 167 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation must necessarily exceed 5,000 rubles, that is, be significant for the victim. Such a requirement for the existence of a crime under Art. 214 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation is not required, material damage may even be insignificant.

Since damage to property under Art. 167 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation can be committed for hooligan motives; sometimes it is difficult to distinguish this crime from the act provided for in Art. 214 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.

Example No. 7 . Volodin N.E., angry that the housemate had once again awkwardly parked his car in the yard, kicked the car several times, damaging the fender. After the police were called, they began to assess the damage that the expert recorded. The result of the assessment was the amount of 8,700 rubles. Since the property of an individual was damaged, damage of more than 5,000 rubles was confirmed, the actions of the perpetrator fall under Part 2 of Art. 167 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation - deliberate destruction or damage to property for hooligan reasons (the presence of this sign is due to the fact that the actions took place in a public place). As can be seen from the example, the culprit intentionally damaged the personal property of another citizen; under such circumstances, vandalism cannot occur here.

Other differences

Making vehicles (or means of communication) unusable is a separate crime (Article 267 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation), which is used extremely rarely in practice. It differs from vandalism in the absence of a goal to disrupt public order, since the perpetrator has the intent to render the vehicle unusable. The consequences resulting from such a crime are larger compared to the actions of vandals (in some cases, disasters may occur, resulting in casualties among people).
Damage to cultural monuments (Article 243 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) is a very similar crime to the act under Art. 214 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Let us remind you that the object of attention of vandals can be buildings or structures, while objects under Art. 243 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation can only include sculptures, works of painting, and inventions that are included in a special register in accordance with the Federal Law “On Objects of Cultural Heritage.” If experts determine the status of an object as a cultural monument, that is, its high national value is confirmed, the actions of the perpetrator will be regarded as a crime under Art. 243 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.
Desecration of the bodies of the dead and burial places - in such crimes, the perpetrator, by desecrating graves or other burial places, violates the moral principles and traditions of the people, but not public order.

The legislator separately provides for liability for desecration of objects located in the cemetery . Thus, there will be no vandalism in the actions of the perpetrator if the object of desecration is tombstones, sculptural structures in the burial places of loved ones, as well as architectural compositions dedicated to the fight against fascism. In these cases, liability is provided for in separate articles 243 or 244 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.

Example No. 8 . Malyshev I.R. appealed to the police with a statement to bring a person without a fixed place of residence, permanently residing in the cemetery, to criminal liability under Art. 214 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The applicant reported that a small chapel built near the grave of Malyshev’s deceased mother I.R. was damaged by an unknown man. It was established that the chapel was broken by P.A. Bukov, who really did not have a place of residence and used this place for an overnight stay. Bukov P.A. was found guilty, but not of committing the crime of vandalism, but of committing desecration of their burial places, since the subject of the act was a structure intended for ceremonies in connection with the commemoration of the deceased, which is separately provided for by the criminal law in Article 244 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.

Vandalism

Deviant behavior is always associated with some kind of discrepancy between human actions, actions, and activities common in society or groups with norms, rules of behavior, ideas, stereotypes, expectations, attitudes and values. At the same time, some scientists prefer to use expectations (expectations) of the corresponding behavior as a reference point (“norm”), while others prefer to use attitudes (standards, samples) of behavior. Some believe that not only actions, but also ideas (views) can be deviant.

Punishment

Responsibility for this crime can begin as early as 14 years of age. The punishment for vandalism can be as follows:

fine up to 40,000 rubles;
compulsory work up to 360 hours;
correctional labor for up to 1 year;
restriction or imprisonment for up to 3 years (if the crime was committed by a group of persons or for national reasons).

Most often, vandals who break the law for the first time can get off with a suspended sentence or community service. Those who constantly commit such crimes may lose their freedom and be sent to a penal colony.

Vandalism

Vandalism differs from hooliganism in that in the actions that constitute vandalism, the violation of public order is not demonstrably rude and does not in all cases express open disrespect for society. When vandalism occurs, first of all, the norms of public morality are violated, on the observance of which, like legal norms, public order is based. In vandalism, the violation of public order may remain unknown until the consequences of the criminal act are discovered. The obviousness of a violation of public order is the main criterion for distinguishing between vandalism and hooliganism. Those. breaking glass in a carriage located at the depot, discovered after some time, is vandalism, and breaking glass in a carriage while passengers are present is hooliganism.

Damage to property in a public place

The legislator specifically clarifies that vandalism can manifest itself in damage not only to real estate, but also to public transport. Thus, a striking example of vandalism can be the damage to seats in the subway, trolleybuses, deliberate damage to handrails, racks on trams, buses, damage to windows on trains, etc.

In practice, modes of transport are differentiated in order to clearly define the attribute “public”. It is generally accepted that this is passenger transport accessible to the general public. This category does not include school buses, transport for employees in a particular organization, limousines for weddings, etc.

Example No. 3 . Rogov K.A. worked in a company producing and installing suspended ceilings. The head of the organization allocated a company minibus for permanent use by K.A. Rogov. and his partner, in order to conveniently move equipment from client to client. Having quarreled with his partner, Rogov K.A. Out of anger, he broke one of the bus seats; it could not be restored. The initiation of a criminal case on the fact of vandalism was refused, since official transport cannot be recognized as public, but later Rogov was held responsible for damage to property.

Property may be partially damaged or completely destroyed - to qualify a crime under Art. 214 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, this does not matter; the act is considered completed from the moment of causing at least some harm. The method the attackers used is also not important. So, destructive actions can be like this:

breaking (for example, windows in a trolleybus or train);
deformation (dent on the metal surface of the bus);
cutting (cuts from theater seats with a sharp object);
arson (lighting garbage in public trash cans);
demolition (tipping over telephone booths, outdoor dry closets).

The amount of damage from such actions may vary; all this is taken into account in the claims that the administration may bring against the perpetrator, but does not in any way affect the qualifications. In other words, if Petrov cut 25 seats in the interior of a regular bus and thereby caused damage to the municipality in the amount of more than 100,000 rubles, or if Ivanov cut one such seat, both will have the same corpus delicti - vandalism.

However, in some cases, damage to property is considered a minor act and does not entail criminal liability. Most often, this can be due to minor damage to a low-value item.

Example No. 4 . Noskov A.V. deliberately damaged a metro card on one of the subway trains, practically tearing it out of the inner lining of the car. The act was considered insignificant, since the very next day it was planned to remove this train from the flight due to its disrepair, and restoration work was planned. According to the restoration plan, it was necessary to completely renovate each car both from the inside and outside, with the installation of new metro cards to replace the outdated ones. Under such circumstances, the initiation of a criminal case was refused, since Noskov’s actions, although contrary to public interests, did not inherently cause any harm due to the dilapidation of passenger transport.

Both desecration and damage to property in public places are always committed with intent. A citizen who accidentally caused damage cannot be found guilty of vandalism.

Example No. 5 . Ignatov I.R. was at an appointment with a dentist. During treatment, Ignatov unknowingly, due to unbearable pain, damaged the microscope, accidentally touching it with his hand. The microscope was broken and could not be restored, that is, it was actually destroyed. The administration of the clinic recovered through the court from Ignatov the amount of damage caused, but a criminal case under any article, including Art. 214 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, was not prosecuted - negligence excludes criminal liability.

Often, types of vandalism such as desecration of buildings and damage to property in public places occur simultaneously. In such situations, the actions of the perpetrator are qualified as one crime under Art. 214 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, and the volume of criminal actions already affects the severity of the punishment.

Examples of vandalism

Examples of vandalism include the following situations:

Burning elevator buttons or walls.
Destruction of benches in front of entrances.
Destruction of benches in playgrounds.
Graffiti on shop walls, fences and bridge columns.
Removing the monument from its pedestal.
Cutting soft seats in public transport with a knife. This also includes various inscriptions on the walls of vehicles or seats.
Destruction of graves, digging them up or destruction of monuments.
The use of swastikas, magical and other religious or ritual signs on the walls of public buildings.
Breaking glass or lights.
Damage to someone else's car.
Destruction of church relics and buildings.
Throwing bottles against the walls of buildings.

Any destruction, desecration, damage, partial or complete destruction of someone else's property is vandalism. This group may not include items that belong personally to a person. If the individual is in a public place or on the territory of another person, then any destruction is considered vandalism if it was committed without the knowledge and consent of the owner.

Separately, situations that combine vandalism and hooliganism should be highlighted. Such an example could be the behavior of sports fans, who can humiliate their opponents, beat up their fans, damage property, and throw alcohol bottles. Often, two forms of delinquency manifest themselves under the influence of psychotropic drugs and substances that turn off a critical assessment of the situation.

Graffiti: art or vandalism?

Any inscriptions and drawings made on the walls of buildings, bridges, and other construction sites are classified as graffiti. Even the inscription on the brick wall, written with a marker. The debate about what graffiti, art or vandalism is has not subsided for many years.

Street art made for the purpose of artistic expression should not be considered an act of vandalism. His task is to bring his own, and not to destroy the object. Graffiti artists sometimes create paintings on the walls that become their real decoration. Tagging is much closer to the actions of vandals - quickly applying your signature wherever you need to.

Graffiti is considered vandalism in cases where its purpose is to desecrate a public object. Thus, applying rude inscriptions or vulgar drawings to cultural or grave monuments is vandalism as it is. Creating a painting with artistic content on a blank wall of the house is not (although it is an illegal violation for which punishment is expected).

When trying to understand what street art is - vandalism or art - try to determine the artist's motivation. The desire for artistic expression distinguishes it from a hooligan destructive act.

What is vandalism

Vandalism is a form of destructive behavior that pushes a person to damage, desecrate and destroy objects of public importance. When committing an act of vandalism, an individual:

consciously or unconsciously spoils beautiful things;
destroys cultural monuments for reasons of protest (maybe even official);
damages public property due to national, ideological, religious hatred and other types of intolerance towards a certain social group;
launches an attack on an Internet resource, littering it with posts of dubious content (this type of vandalism is common on Wikipedia and similar information resources).

The definition of vandalism is broad and can be interpreted differently depending on its cultural or political meaning. The Criminal Code classifies it as a crime against morality.

For vandalism, synonyms will be such concepts as “barbarism”, “savagery”. These are more general concepts that do not reveal the specific features of the phenomenon.

Types of property damage can be classified according to the objects that are destroyed or desecrated by a vandal. The classification is as follows:

desecration of graves, vandalism in the cemetery;
burning of churches, icons, religious objects;
damage to monuments and cultural objects;
restoration vandalism (unintentional, occurring during the restoration of a cultural and art object);
graffiti with antisocial content;
tagging and bombing (subtypes of graffiti);
burning of books.

The object of vandalism must have social or cultural value. If you damage another person's personal item, this is a hooligan act aimed at the individual, not at society. You are guided by the desire to cause damage to a person, not to a direct object.

Other qualifying features are determined by motivation. Scientist S. Cohen identifies the following motivational types:

Acquisition.
Ideology.
Vengeance.
A game.
Anger, anger.
Tactical.

The main difference between vandalism and administrative offense is its global nature and motivation. Depending on the severity of the vandalism, punishment is assigned.

What is vandalism?

Any desecration of real or movable property can be called vandalism. What is vandalism in psychology? This is a person’s mental state that pushes him to destroy, mutilate or desecrate monuments, sculptures, and public property. In contrast to this phenomenon, we can put patriotism - the state of a person in which he is proud of his country, people and tries with all his might to preserve the integrity of his state.

Vandalism is attributed to one of the forms of deviant (immoral) behavior. A person in this state commits senseless acts, which are characterized by desecration, destruction, mutilation and other types of damage to various property of individuals or society as a whole. It can be:

Monuments.
Graves.
Fences (inscriptions on them).
At home.
Public transport.
Public buildings.
Garbage bins.
Attractions.
Elevators.

Various inscriptions, often with obscene language, also refer to vandalism.

A vandal is a person who intentionally or emotionally destroys property belonging to another individual or society.

Historically, the concept originates from the East German tribe of Vandals, who invaded Rome in the summer of 455 and took away valuables and some prisoners. Although their behavior was associated with robbery rather than with the destruction of the city, the qualities of wild, merciless, uncultured “barbarians” were still attributed to them.

Vandalism includes not only the destruction of monuments, but also the desecration of icons and other religious and cultural values. This side of human manifestation is actively interested in criminal law, which has specific reasons to sometimes punish those who have caused this or that harm to others.

Depending on what was damaged or destroyed, there are different types of vandalism. Here are the most common ones:

Graffiti is inscriptions and drawings applied to any smooth surface: walls, fences, asphalt, etc. Paints or ink are used for this.
Tagging is the author's signature left in a public place. A type of graffiti.
Bombing - simple pictures or light fonts, printed in one color or framed in one color and painted over with another.
Inscriptions containing obscene language and immoral phrases.
Book burning.
Desecration of graves.
Damage or destruction of paintings and cultural monuments.
Burning of churches.

Experts have ambivalent views on people's desire to draw on public property. Some perceive street art as a person’s desire to show their artistic skills, which cannot be expressed in other ways. Others believe that in this way “vandals” try to become part of society, while themselves often being ignored.

Other types of vandalism include damage to private property, such as setting a house or car on fire. This does not apply to situations where the owner of the property commits such actions. Vandalism is characterized specifically by the destruction and damage of other people's property.

In criminal law, this concept is given many names, depending on what the person did:

Hooliganism.
Abuse.
Deliberate destruction, damage or destruction.

Anything can be damaged or destroyed:

Benches.
Lanterns.
Lawns.
Glass.
Seats in public transport.
Surveillance cameras.
Garages.
Entrances.

E. Evmenova gives the following classification of vandalism:

Ideological.
Selfish.
Desecration of graves.
Ecological.
Actions based on the desire for revenge.
Electronic computing.
Regarding small architectures (parks).
Music and sports fans.
Anti-cultural (monuments).

Criminal vandalism is divided into the following types:

Domestic.
Ideological.
Terrorist.
Criminal.
Shocking.
State official.

Bottom line

Vandalism is a manifestation of aggression towards society or a way of self-expression. Outspoken patriots or fans are also prone to damaging the property of their opponents. The result of a person’s inability to control his actions and choose legitimate ways to achieve his goal is imprisonment.

Vandalism often affects a person’s life expectancy. So, he may become a victim of the revenge of the one who was harmed. It should be understood that destructive actions are not admired or approved. Society has a clearly negative attitude towards any form of vandalism, which forces it to isolate itself even more from such individuals.

If a person wants to gain recognition from others, then vandalism will not help him with this. Committing criminal acts for the sake of joining a group of hooligans will only end in problems with law enforcement agencies. If a person chooses vandalism, then he becomes an object against which the whole society will fight. And this, perhaps, is not the path that a healthy person would like to take.

Reasons for vandalism

When considering the topic of vandalism, everyone may have a question about what reasons force a person to commit such acts. Everyone has faced the consequences of such acts. In many (if not all) cities you can see a form of vandalism called graffiti. In the news you can hear about the criminal actions of individuals who damaged someone's property. In public transport or in courtyards you can also see the consequences of the deviant behavior of vandals. What reasons can be identified in the desire to destroy something?

The psychological help website psymedcare.ru notes that each situation has its own reasons for the occurrence of certain actions. Teenage vandalism can be characterized by the following reasons:

Unfavorable relationships with parents.
Alienation from family.
Underdevelopment of positive interests and inclinations.
The desire for self-expression.
The influence of the company (friends) on the development of negative behavior patterns.
Lack of goals and meaning in life.
Violation of adaptation and the socialization process.

Shocking vandalism often manifests itself in teenagers and young people who:

They assert themselves.
Oppose social norms, rules of decency and morality.

Household vandalism often develops on the basis of hostile relations towards the subject whose property is destroyed or damaged. So, the vandal directs his anger not at the person, but not at the things and objects that belong to him. This is how he expresses his anger, which often occurs while intoxicated.

Certain types of vandalism are aimed at concealing other crimes, causing specific damage, or for the purpose of gaining profit. Here a person is guided by specific goals, the achievement of which is possible through damage to property.

Individuals commit illegal actions because they are strong adherents of a certain culture, religion, or movement. The two camps may damage each other's property in order to demonstrate their strength, power and other indicators of greatness.

Features of the definition

For a long time, criminals were not punished for vandalism; a separate article on this offense appeared in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation only in 1997.

But even before this, a large number of cases were constantly recorded when there was desecration of cultural monuments, architecture, history, elements of parks, recreation areas, courtyard areas, and other objects in public places.

Unfortunately, many monuments in the cemetery are damaged by vandals, which indicates the low culture and moral qualities of the offenders. A large number of vandals were never punished; even a fine for hooliganism was rarely issued in such cases .

And the appearance of Art. was completely justified. 214, she supplemented the Criminal Code with a sought-after measure of punishment. But even the appearance of a separate article did not simplify the establishment of the exact signs by which vandalism and the elements of a crime are determined.

ATTENTION! Many offenses have common features with vandalism, such as hooliganism. Therefore, good legal knowledge and experience is required to competently conduct a trial.

Motives for vandalism

Motives mean the impetus that prompts a person to commit immoral acts. It is not possible to identify clear motives for vandalism, since they are different for each criminal. However, the act of vandalism itself is always committed when a person wants to restore, regain control over a situation or people.

S. Cohen identified the following classification of motives for vandalism:

Vandalism-acquisition - acts as a type of theft, where the destruction of one property allows you to take possession of another.
Vandalism is a tactic – a person, through his destructive actions, wants to achieve a specific goal.
Vandalism ideology is the pursuit of social or political goals.
Vandalism-revenge - a person wants to cause harm after an insult or insult committed by the individual at whom the actions are directed.
Vandalism game is thoughtless acts committed by children or teenagers.
Vandalism-anger is based on dislike, hostility and envy of other people.

Vandalism is often a manifestation of propaganda that affects groups of certain individuals. This is often due to youth groups that create their own internal culture and adhere to certain stereotypes that are dictated by the media. Committing destructive and immoral acts is considered normal for teenagers, which is initially taken from the media, where there is no punishment for committing such acts.

D. Kanter identified the following motives for vandalism:

Anger.
Study.
Aesthetic experience.
Boredom.
Existential research.

The presence of vandalism indicates the imperfection of social structures that educate new generations. Emotional stress, psychological problems, lack of help and support develop internal aggression in a person, who can direct it not at people, but at their property or objects of public importance in general.